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The Avars ((アヴァル語:аварал, магIарулал), ''avaral, maharulal'' ("mountaineers")) constitute a Caucasus native ethnic group, the most predominant of several ethnic groups living in the Russian republic of Dagestan. The Avars reside in a region known as the North Caucasus between the Black and Caspian Seas. Alongside other ethnic groups in the North Caucasus region, the Caucasian Avars live in ancient villages located approximately 2,000 m above sea level. The Avar language spoken by the Caucasian Avars belongs to the family of Northeast Caucasian languages and is also known as Nakh–Dagestanian. Sunni Islam has been the prevailing religion of the Avars since the 13th century. == History == According to the historian Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov, the Avars originated in Khurasan, south-east of the Caspian Sea, and migrated to the Caucasus.〔Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov, ''Ancient Khwarezm'' (1948), Moscow 〕 These geographical origins apparently link them to the Hurrians of Subartu.〔 (And subclades of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup J typical of Avar males are also common in the area formerly occupied by Subartu.) The earliest mention of the Avars in European history is by Priscus, who reported in 463 AD that a combined legation from the Saragurs, Urogs and Unogurs had requested an alliance with Byzantium. The legation claimed that in 461 their peoples had been displaced by the Sabirs, as a result of pressure from the Avars.〔Priscus. ''Excerpta de legationibus''. Ed. S. de Boor. Berolini, 1903, p. 586 Also mentioned in the Syrian compilation of Church Historian Zacharias Rhetor bishop of Mytilene〕 It is not clear whether or in what way the Caucasian Avars are related to the early "Pseudo-Avars" (or Pannonian Avars) of the Dark Ages, but it is known that with the mediation of Sarosios in 567, the Göktürks requested Byzantium to distinguish the Avars of Pannonia as "Pseudo-Avars" as opposed to the true Avars of the east, who had come under Göktürk hegemony.〔("Sixth Century Alania: between Byzantium, Sasanian Iran and the Turkic World" Agustí Alemany Vilamajo )〕 The modern ''Arab Encyclopaedia'' states that the Magyars originated in this area. The Avar invasion of the Caucasus resulted in the establishment of an Avar ruling dynasty in Sarir, a medieval Christian state in the Dagestani highlands. During the Khazar wars against the Caliphate in the 7th century, the Avars sided with Khazaria. Surakat is mentioned as their Khagan around 729–30 AD, followed by Andunik-Nutsal at the time of Abu Muslima, then Dugry-Nutsal. Sarir suffered a partial eclipse after the Arabs gained the upper hand, but managed to reassert its influence in the region in the 9th century. It confronted the weakened Khazars and conducted a friendly policy towards the neighbouring Christian states of Georgia and Alania. In the early 12th century, Sarir disintegrated, to be succeeded by the Avar Khanate, a predominantly Muslim polity.〔''An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires'', by James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas, pg. 58〕 The only extant monument of Sarir architecture is a 10th-century church at the village of Datuna. The Mongol invasions seem not to have affected the Avar territory, and the alliance with the Golden Horde enabled the Avar khans to increase their prosperity. In the 15th century the Horde declined, and the Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh rose to power. The Avars could not compete with it and were incorporated by them. From the 16th century onwards, the Persians and Ottomans started consolidating their authority over the entire Caucasus, and divided and consolidated most of its territory for themselves. By the mid 16th century, what is now Eastern Georgia, Dagestan, nowadays Azerbaijan, and Armenia would retain under Safavid Persian rule,〔''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.〕 while what is now Western Georgia and Abkhazia would remain under Ottoman Turkish suzerainty.〔''The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566'', V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.〕 Although once briefly occupied by the Ottoman Turks, Dagestan and many of its Avar inhabitants stayed under Persian suzerainty for many centuries since their conquering in the 16th century. However, many ethnic groups in Dagestan, including many Avars, retained relatively high amounts of freedom and self-rule. After losing the Caucasus briefly in the early 18th century, following the disintegration of the Safavids and the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723), the Persians reeatablished full control over the Caucasus again in the early 18th century under Nadir Shah through his Caucasian campaign and Dagestan campaign. During that same time, the Avars increased their prestige by routing an army of Nadir Shah at Andalal during the later stages of his Dagestan campaign.〔Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich Abdulatipov. ("Russia and the Caucasus: On the Arduous Path to Unity" ) Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. p 15〕 In the wake of this triumph, Umma Khan of the Avars (who reigned 1774–1801) managed to exact tribute from most states of the Caucasus, including Shirvan and Georgia. Two years after Umma Khan's death in 1801, the khanate voluntarily submitted to Russian authority following the Russian annexation of Georgia and the treaty of Georgievsk, but this only got confirmed after considerable Russian successes and the victory in the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), after which Persia would nominally lose Dagestan amongst other lost Caucasian territories it had to cede to Russia.〔John F. Baddeley, "The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus", Longman, Green and Co., London: 1908, p. 90〕 Permanent switch from Persian to Russian rule over Avar inhabiting territories got concluded in the Treaty of Turkmenchay following the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Avars (Caucasus)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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